Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell said policymakers expect to deliver a “couple” more interest-rate increases before putting their aggressive tightening campaign on hold, even as they slowed their drive to curb inflation.

Powell and his colleagues lifted the Fed’s target for its benchmark rate by a quarter percentage point to a range of 4.5 per cent to 4.75 per cent. The smaller move followed a half-point increase in December and four jumbo-sized 75 basis-point hikes prior to that.

Still, investors took heart from the chair’s remarks acknowledging that price pressures have started to ease, despite his emphasis on the Fed’s outlook for more rate hikes. The S&P 500 closed more than 1 per cent higher after he spoke and two-year yields fell sharply.

 “We think we’ve covered a lot of ground,” Powell told reporters after the meeting. “Even so, we have more work to do.”

The vote by the Federal Open Market Committee was unanimous.

“The committee anticipates that ongoing increases in the target range will be appropriate in order to attain a stance of monetary policy that is sufficiently restrictive to return inflation to 2 per cent over time,” the Fed said in a statement issued after the two-day policymaking meeting, repeating language it has used in previous communications.

In a sign that the end of the hiking cycle may be in sight, the committee said the “extent of future increases” in rates will depend on a number of factors including cumulative tightening of monetary policy. It had previously tied the “pace” of future increases to those factors.

Powell, during his press conference, added to that sense.

“We’ve raised rates four and a half percentage points, and we’re talking about a couple of more rate hikes to get to that level we think is appropriately restrictive,” he said.

In another shift from its last statement, the Fed noted that inflation “has eased somewhat but remains elevated,” suggesting policymakers are growing more confident that price pressures have peaked.

That compares with prior language where officials simply stated price growth was “elevated.”

“The heavy lifting is done, but it doesn’t mean the job is finished,” said Derek Tang, an economist at LH Meyer in Washington. “He’ll err on the side of hiking a bit more and staying there a bit longer. He stuck to his risk management story of not wanting to test if they can get away with doing fewer hikes.”

Investors wanted to know if Powell would push back against market expectations that the Fed will cut rates later in the year as inflation eases and economic growth slows. He did.

“Restoring price stability will likely require maintaining a restrictive stance for some time,” he told reporters. While recent readings on price pressures were encouraging, he added that “I just don’t see us cutting rates this year,” if the economy evolves as he and his colleagues expect.

At their prior meeting in December, 17 of 19 policymakers forecast that they’ll increase rates to 5 per cent or above this year, with none looking for cuts. 

There were no fresh forecasts published on Wednesday, but Powell did reference those projections as a guide about how much higher officials expect to raise rates.

After initially dismissing a surge in prices as temporary, Fed policymakers have been scrambling to get control of runaway inflation before it becomes embedded into the economy, lifting rates sharply from levels close to zero as recently as a year ago.

They’re also reducing the Fed’s balance sheet at a record clip, withdrawing hundreds of billions of dollars from the financial system.

What Bloomberg Economics Says…

“Soft inflation data in recent months haven’t been convincing enough for the Fed to consider pausing its rate-hike campaign just yet. By continuing to refer to “ongoing” rate hikes, the FOMC is hinting that they expect at least another two 25-basis point hikes, affirming their view of a terminal rate at 5.25.”

— By Anna Wong, Eliza Winger and David Wilcox (economists)

While policymakers have had some success in reining in inflation - the Fed’s favorite gauge slowed to a year-on-year rate of 5 per cent in December from 7 per cent in June - they’ve been loath to declare victory until they’re confident price rises are on track to return to their 2 per cent price target.

“It is gratifying to see the disinflationary process now getting under way and we continue to get strong labor market data,” Powell said. Still, the chair said that officials would need “substantially more evidence” that inflation was on a sustained downward path. 

Pressed to spell out if that represented a certain number of months of continued downward progress on prices, he said it would be an accumulation of factors.

Powell has zeroed in on the labor market as a source of potential inflationary pressure, arguing that demand for workers is outstripping supply and that wages are rising too quickly to be consistent with the Fed’s 2 per cent inflation target.

Officials got some welcome news on that front as they began their two-day meeting Tuesday, with the Labor Department reporting that a broad gauge of wages and benefits slowed in the final three months of 2022.

Another reading on the jobs market arrives Friday, when the government releases the employment report for January. Payrolls growth is forecast to have slowed to 190,000 last month from 223,000 in December while unemployment may have ticked up to 3.6 per cent from 3.5 per cent.

The Fed’s repeated rate increases have taken a toll on the U.S. economy. Hammered by a steep rise in mortgage rates, the housing market has slumped, with new home sales declining in 2022 to their lowest level in four years.

However, consumer expenditures, the bulwark of the economy, have generally held up in the face of sky-high inflation, as households drew on savings built up during the pandemic and saw incomes boosted by a vibrant jobs market.